tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65417357473496616422024-03-08T09:17:37.017-08:00Evyenia's Koine Greek WeblogEvyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.comBlogger59125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-21087600290758798502009-12-16T07:25:00.000-08:002009-12-16T07:34:00.238-08:00Fill in the missing letter<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/Syj9rxZxjzI/AAAAAAAAAG0/HjaiVjCKZTo/s1600-h/fill+in+letter+two.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415857480350666546" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 302px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/Syj9rxZxjzI/AAAAAAAAAG0/HjaiVjCKZTo/s400/fill+in+letter+two.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/Syj8avgU_KI/AAAAAAAAAGs/r8SKuB-gdD8/s1600-h/fill+in+missing+letter.jpg"></a><br /><br /><div></div></div>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-40430957424110783182009-12-16T07:22:00.000-08:002009-12-16T07:23:27.074-08:00<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/Syj7XaaVb2I/AAAAAAAAAGk/5k6DFFSUqCs/s1600-h/picture+one+for+blog.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415854931558362978" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 341px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/Syj7XaaVb2I/AAAAAAAAAGk/5k6DFFSUqCs/s400/picture+one+for+blog.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>testing one two three</div><div> </div><div>testing one two three</div><div> </div><div>testing one two three</div>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-9554963976127690932009-03-17T13:48:00.000-07:002009-03-17T13:52:58.118-07:00Whither goest, blog mou?<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Despite an overwhelming response from my legions of fans all over the world . . . . </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">I need to make some changes in this blog. I'm thinking of making it a general blog for both koine and modern Greek. Possibly a place, among other things, to link to my byki lists, etc.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Stay tuned! In the meantime, χαίρετε! Ευγενία</span></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-81206648024605014082009-02-21T07:37:00.001-08:002009-02-21T07:52:03.473-08:00Byki vocabulary list flashcards!I have discovered a great new website: www.byki.com<br /><br />This website allows you to download and use a flashcard program for various languages, <em>including New Testament Greek. </em><br /><em></em><br />And what's even better: the flashcards come with sound, and the words are pronounced using a modern Greek pronunciation.<br /><br />Immediately below I have posted a blog which will give you an idea of how the flashcards work.<br /><br />Χαίρετε!Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-51474324574871252542009-02-21T07:36:00.001-08:002009-02-21T07:36:55.852-08:00Byki vocabulary list 2<script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.byki.com/bykiweb/GREEK/Elem-Greek-EII-2"></script><noscript><a href="http://www.byki.com/FLS/GREE/GREEK">Learn GREEK with Free Language Software downloads</a></noscript>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-70450161303110816592009-02-16T12:00:00.000-08:002009-02-16T12:15:43.547-08:00τις, τί : not quite the same as τίς, τί<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SZnGioF-V6I/AAAAAAAAAFg/HEJWCruyRNM/s1600-h/paradigm.jpg"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5303488334385797026" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 289px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SZnGioF-V6I/AAAAAAAAAFg/HEJWCruyRNM/s320/paradigm.jpg" border="0" /></span></a><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><br /><br /></span><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">This is the paradigm for the Greek word meaning 'someone,' 'anyone', 'a certain one'</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">or</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">'something,' 'anything,' 'a certain thing', etc.</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Notice again that the masculine and feminine forms are identical; they are both included only to make this clear.</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Notice also a possible ambiguity: the masculine accusative singular is the same form as the neuter nominative/accusative plural.</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The monosyllabic forms do not have an accent; the disyllabic forms have a placeholder accent only, on the second syllable. A placeholder accent indicates that these forms are enclitics, and will only receive an accent in use as the rules of accentuation require.</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The accent is necessary to distinguish between τίς, τί and τις, τι. If there is an accent on the first or only syllable, the word is the former, and means 'who?', 'what?', 'why?', etc. Otherwise, the word is τις, τι.</span></div><br /><div><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></div>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-28800524457718666312009-02-01T07:37:00.000-08:002009-02-01T08:30:47.030-08:00The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί<span style="font-size:130%;">The paradigm for τίς, τί is as follows: </span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">(The paradigm is in the usual order: masculine, feminine, and neuter, reading across; nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative cases reading down; the plural forms are listed below the singular forms.)</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5297856544079021042" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 290px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYXEdSTPA_I/AAAAAAAAAE0/jsqBLbBULZ0/s320/%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82+%CE%B9%CF%84.jpg" border="0" />Notice that the masculine and feminine forms are identical; this is why the word is listed as τίς, τί instead of τίς, τίς, τί.</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Notice also that each word has an accent, and that the accent on the two-syllable forms is on the first syllable.</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">The endings of τίς, τί follow, more or less, the endings of third declension nouns.</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">τίς, τί is an interrogative pronoun; that is, it introduces a question. The meaning is something like: who? which? what? </span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">E.g., τίς λέγει; Who is speaking?</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">τί βλέπει; What is he/she saying?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">The neuter singular form, τί, is also often used to mean 'why?'</span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">τί λέγει ταύτα; Why is he/she saying these things? </span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">τίς, τί must be distinguished from τις, τι. More on that in the next post.</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-63231608342562908212009-01-28T15:28:00.000-08:002009-04-03T08:23:37.577-07:00The Greek alphabet: the last eight letters<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYDqT4oLLKI/AAAAAAAAAEs/LISpYvVWvj4/s1600-h/rst.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296490789127007394" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 238px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYDqT4oLLKI/AAAAAAAAAEs/LISpYvVWvj4/s320/rst.jpg" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Again, we have some letters (notably Τ) which are easy to recognize for English speakers.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">On the other hand, ρο is a problem; it is the Greek equivalent of the English 'r', but looks like the English 'p'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">The letter 'ύψιλον' looks like an English 'u' in lowercase, and an English 'Y' in uppercase. It is, in fact, a vowel that sounds, in modern Greek, exactly like γιώτα and ήτα.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">Note that the σίγμα (the equivalent to the English 's') has two lowercase forms. The first form ('σ') is used at the beginning and in the middle of words. The second form ('ς') is only used at the end of a word: σίγμα, μαθητής</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-27916456211619872692009-01-28T14:43:00.000-08:002009-01-28T15:09:24.630-08:00The Greek alphabet: the second eight letters<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYDic1X7jJI/AAAAAAAAAEk/o5vZTOs6cHI/s1600-h/ikl.jpg"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296482146779368594" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 238px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYDic1X7jJI/AAAAAAAAAEk/o5vZTOs6cHI/s320/ikl.jpg" border="0" /></span></a><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> </span><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">These are the next eight letters. Notice that some Greek letters have a familiar look (e.g., α, β, ε, ι, κ, ο) as both capital and lowercase letters.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Other letters look familiar as a uppercase letter (e.g., Ζ, Μ, Ν) but not in lowercase (ζ, μ, ν).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The lowercase Ν ('ν') is an example of an especially tricky kind of Greek letter; to an English speaker it looks like something it is not. It looks like a 'vee'. It is not; it is the lowercase form for the Greek equivalent of an English 'n'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Similarly, the uppercase ήτα (H) looks like something it is not; the Greek Η (lowercase 'η') is a vowel, with a sound pronounced (in modern Greek) exactly like the sound of the Greek γιώτα.</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-80618186518867186412009-01-28T11:39:00.000-08:002009-01-28T15:08:13.677-08:00The Greek alphabet: the first eight letters<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYC2crD6-sI/AAAAAAAAAEc/cI1V_0CLyds/s1600-h/abg.jpg"><span style="font-size:130%;"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5296433765499468482" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 217px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 320px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYC2crD6-sI/AAAAAAAAAEc/cI1V_0CLyds/s320/abg.jpg" border="0" /></span></a><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><div><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1WJAyeiB8zQ/SYC0tRmrBqI/AAAAAAAAAEU/6Rdd7sqIJTw/s1600-h/abg.jpg"></a><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span><br /><br /><div><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></div></div><br /><p><span style="font-size:130%;">These are the first eight letters in the Greek alphabet, to the left as capital letters, then as lowercase. The name of the letter - in Greek - is listed at the right.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">If you click on the link below, you will be taken to the <em>filoglossia</em> website, which contains sound files for the pronunciation of each letter. It takes a bit of patience, but you will hear each letter pronounced correctly, according to a modern Greek pronunciation. </span><a href="http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ch1/alphabet/alphabet.asp"><span style="font-size:130%;">http://www.xanthi.ilsp.gr/filog/ch1/alphabet/alphabet.asp</span></a></p>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-53716936593989517692009-01-18T16:54:00.000-08:002009-01-18T17:03:02.623-08:00A new beginning . . .After careful consideration, I've decided to shift the emphasis of this blog. Instead of working one verse at a time through the New Testament, I'm going to write entries that are more like the chapters of a textbook. In other words, we will start in the usual place-the Greek alphabet--and work from there.<br /><br />This will involve some repetition from what I've written here before, but it will also be, I believe, more accessible for most readers.<br /><br />Stay tuned! Χαίρετε!Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-32709595835210636562009-01-12T08:31:00.000-08:002009-01-12T09:11:01.519-08:00More Matthew 1:22<strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">τούτο δε όλον γέγονεν</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">and this all occurred</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ίνα πληρωθῇ </span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">in order that it might be fulfilled</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">το ρηθέν υπό κυρίου</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">that which was spoken by the lord</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">διά του προφήτου λέγοντος</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>through the prophet saying . . .</strong> </span></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Last time we looked at the first line of this verse; today we'll continue on to the second:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ίνα πληρωθῇ<br />in order that it might be fulfilled</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The word 'ίνα' is translated here 'in order that.' But the next four words in English - 'it might be fulfilled' - require only one word in Greek: 'πληρωθῇ'. (Incidentally, the mark above the last letter is a circumflex accent - this is pronounced the same as an acute accent for our purposes.)</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The word 'πληρωθῇ' is from the verb (in the present tense) 'πληρόω', which has the basic meaning 'to fill', 'to make full', 'to fulfill'. But our form is <em>passive</em>; that is, the basic meaning is 'made full' or 'fulfilled'. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Something is 'made full' of 'fulfilled' by an agent that is not the subject of the phrase. So what is the subject - i.e., the person or thing that is being acted upon? In this case the subject is 'it' - referring to 'that which was spoken by the lord', which comes next in the verse. So if we are reading word by word, and not looking ahead, we don't know what is being fulfilled yet.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The verb form is third person singular, indicating 'he/she/it was fulfilled', not 'we were fulfilled' or 'I was fulfilled', etc. The verb form is also aorist. The meaning of the aorist tense does not precisely correspond to the meaning of any English verb tense. It is - in the indicative - mostly a simple past tense; e.g., 'I said' (aorist) vs. 'I say' (present tense) or 'I was saying' (imperfect).</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">But this is not an indicative form; 'πληρωθῇ' is third person, aorist passive <u>subjunctive</u>. In the subjunctive the aorist does not really have a past tense meaning. In non-indicative tenses the aorist is more an indication that the action involved involves a single and completed occurrence. Here we bring out the subjunctive sense by the use of the English helping word 'might'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The aorist is a subject of some discussion among Greek grammar experts.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Remember to check </span><a href="http://www.greekbiblestudy.org/"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">www.greekbiblestudy.org</span></a><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> for much more information about each word that we look at. Χαίρετε! </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> </span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-69415412231980928772009-01-05T06:54:00.000-08:002009-01-05T07:33:18.092-08:00<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>τούτο δε όλον γέγονεν</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>and this all occurred</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>ίνα πληρωθῇ </strong></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">in order that it might be fulfilled</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>το ρηθέν υπό κυρίου</strong></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">that which was spoken by the lord</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>διά του προφήτου λέγοντος</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>through the prophet saying . . . </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">Yes, the verse breaks off there, and we need to wait for the next verse to find out what the prophet was saying.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">Let's start with the first line:</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"><strong>τούτο δε όλον γέγονεν<br />and this all occurred</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">The 'δε', (usually 'and' or 'but), is post-positive, as we've seen before; that is, it comes second in the Greek, but first in an English translation.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">The words 'τούτο' and 'ὀλον' mean 'this' and 'all', respectively; so, 'all this'. </span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">All this -- what?</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">The verb here is 'γἐγονεν', which is the third person, perfect active indicative of the verb 'γίνομαι᾿, which means something like-- </span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">'to come into being, to begin to be, to become, to arise, to happen'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">The perfect tense in Greek is similar to the English perfect: something <em>has happened</em> rather than something <em>happened</em>. The perfect is usually explained as indicating an action in the past whose consequences continue to the present. </span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">For example, if you slipped on the ice and fell down, and were telling this story to friends later, you would say:</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><em>I slipped and fell down</em> (aorist tense). You would not say, <em>I have slipped and fallen down</em> (perfect tense). The latter implies that you are still down on the ice.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">On the other hand, if you slipped and fell down, and can't get up, and are desperately calling for help on your cell phone, you would say <em>I've slipped and fallen down </em>(perfect tense). <em>Come help me, please.</em> Oh, you could have said <em>I slipped and fell down</em>--perhaps being in pain, and not concerned about the fine points of the aorist vs. the perfect tense--but here the perfect tense would be . . . perfect, since the essential point of your communication is that the consequences of the actions of slipping and falling are continuing to the present.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;">More on this verse next time. Χαίρετε!</span><br /><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-72398811831719388102008-12-27T20:39:00.000-08:002008-12-27T20:59:37.365-08:00Matthew 1:21 - finishing up<strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">τέξεται δε υιόν και καλέσεις το όνομα αυτού Ιησούν,</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">αυτός γαρ σώσει τον λαόν αυτού από των αμαρτιών αυτών</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">For she will bear a son, and you shall call his name Jesus,</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">for he will save his people from their sins.</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">We've already seen that the verb 'τέξεται' has Mary as the understood subject; it is Mary who will bear a son ('υιόν'). But the next verb has 'you' as the understood subject; 'καλέσεις' is the second personal singular of the future of the verb 'καλέω', 'I call'. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The 'you' refers, of course, to Joseph, who is being directly addressed (in a dream) by an angel. So Joseph will call . . . what?</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> . . . . καλέσεις το όνομα αυτού Ιησούν</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> . . . . you will call the name of him Jesus</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Or, in more idiomatic English,</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"> </span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">you will call his name Jesus</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">or even (slightly simplified, but even more idiomatic):</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">you will call him/name him Jesus</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The next line also has a verb in the future: 'σώσει' - he/she/it will save</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">In this case, we read 'he will save', not only because the verse is clearly referring to Jesus, but also because we have an added pronoun, 'αυτός' - 'he'. The use of the pronoun 'αυτός' is a complicated bit of Greek; for now we will note that in this context it adds emphasis. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">'<u>He</u> will save'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Exactly what/how/who will Jesus be saving?</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">τον λαόν αυτού από των αμαρτιών αυτών</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">his people from their sins</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The direct object of 'σώσει' is 'τον λαόν' - 'the people'. Followed by the third person pronoun in the genitive ('αυτού')- indicating possession - it becomes 'his people'.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Then we finish the verse with a prepositional phrase: </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">από των αμαρτιών αυτών</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">from the sins of them</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The preposition 'από' takes the genitive; this accounts for the word for 'sin' ('η αμαρτία') being in the genitive (plural). The final word is once again the third person pronoun in the genitive, but this time it is the genitive plural - 'αυτών' - 'their'. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">That's it for the verse. Χαίρετε!</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-25572509899449215122008-12-21T16:25:00.000-08:002008-12-21T16:46:24.983-08:00Matthew 1:21<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">We're back to Matthew, chapter 1. Verse 21 reads:</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">τέξεται δε υιόν και καλέσεις το όνομα αυτού Ιησούν,</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">αυτός γαρ σώσει τον λαόν αυτού από των αμαρτιών αυτών</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">First of all, note that there are two postpositive words: δε ('and, but') and γαρ ('for'). So in the English translation those words will come first in their phrase.</span><br /><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">And/but she will bring forth a son and you will call the name of him Jesus</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">for he will save the people of him from the sins of them.</span></strong><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Clearly not idiomatic English. Phrases showing possession, such as:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">το όνομα αυτού . . . . . . the name of him</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">τον λαόν αυτού . . . . . . . the people of him</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">των αμαρτιών αυτών . . . . . . . the sins of them</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">are characteristic and idiomatic in Greek, but in English we change the word order: </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">his name, his people, their sins. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Note that one result of this change is the loss of definite article, which is not translated; e.g., we don't say 'his the name', we say 'his name.'</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The word 'τέξεται' is the future third person singular of the verb 'τίκτω', which means, more or less, 'to bring forth'. In theory, the subject of this verb (which is not separately expressed) could be male or female; in the context, it is translated 'she', as referring to Mary. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">But note that there is no <em>separate</em> word for 'she' in the Greek.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">More on this verse next time. Χαίρετε!</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-89024904958794225482008-12-15T08:19:00.000-08:002008-12-15T08:28:16.925-08:00Adjectives, part two: the predicate use<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The attributive use of adjectives is much the same as their use in English, with the exception that the word order is more flexible.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The predicate use is different, however. It is best explained with an example:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">καλός ο λόγος</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">These are the same three words as we started with last time, but the meaning is different. In this order, these words can be a full sentence:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The word is good.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">What's different? We added 'is' in English; that is, the verb was understood in the Greek, but not explicitly expressed. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">How can we tell if an adjective is being used attributively or as a predicate? As I mentioned last time, if the adjective is immediately preceded by the definite article, it is the attributive use:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ο άνθρωπος ο καλός . . . . . . . . . the good man</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">If the adjective is not preceded by the definite article, it is in the predicate position:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ο άνθρωπος καλός . . . . . . . . . . . the man is good</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">καλός ο άνθρωπος . . . . . . . . . . the man is good</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Next time we will continue with a third use of adjectives: as substantives.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Χαίρετε!</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-90745663705690187102008-12-10T08:24:00.001-08:002008-12-10T08:53:25.448-08:00Adjectives, part one: the attributive use<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Adjectives modify nouns.<br /><br />The <em>red</em> house. The <em>long</em> story. The <em>incontrovertible</em> evidence.<br /><br />Adjectives are used in koine Greek much like they are used in English. But, of course, not entirely. There are three major uses of the adjective in koine: the attributive, the predicate, and the substantive use. We will cover the attributive use today.<br /><br />This use of the adjective is similar to that of English:<br /><br />ο καλός λόγος<br />the good word<br /><br />However, in koine, 'the good word' can be expressed in three slightly different ways:<br /><br />1. ο καλός λόγος (most common)<br />2. ο λόγος ο καλός (less common)<br />3. λόγος ο καλός (uncommon)<br /><br />All of these mean approximately the same thing, although #2 is sometimes translated 'the word the good (one)' and #3, 'a word, the good (one)'<br /><br />The common feature - and the key to recognizing the attributive use of the adjective is as follows: <em>the adjective is immediately preceded by the article which refers to the noun in question</em>.<br /><br />(There are some minor exceptions, so one might better say the adjective is always at least <em>almost</em> immediately preceded by the article - but more on that as the case arises.)<br /><br />If the adjective is not preceded by the article, e.g.,<br /><br />καλός ο λόγος<br /><br />then the meaning is different. More on that next time. Χαίρετε!</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-52361966056017354092008-12-04T13:41:00.000-08:002008-12-04T13:50:18.948-08:00Vocabulary list 3<span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">At the moment, one of the easier on-line sources to find English equivalents to koine Greek vocabulary is at: </span><a href="http://faculty.bbc.edu/RDecker/documents/elgkvoc.pdf"><span style="font-size:130%;">http://faculty.bbc.edu/RDecker/documents/elgkvoc.pdf</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Vocabulary 3</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span><br /></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">αγαθός, -ή, -όν<br />αγαπητός, -ή, -όν<br />αιώνιος, -ον<br />αλλήλων<br />απεκρίθη<br />γαρ<br />διά + acc<br />διά +gen<br />εάν<br />είπεν<br />εμός, εμή, εμόν<br />η εντολή<br />ἦν<br />ίνα<br />καθώς<br />κακός<br />λέγω<br />μετά + acc<br />μετά +gen<br />μη<br />μου/εμού<br /><br />νεκρός, -ά, όν<br />νυν<br />ο δούλος<br />ο θάνατος<br />ο νόμος<br />ο οίκος<br />ο όχλος<br />ο υιός<br />ου, ουχ, ουκ<br />πιστός, -ή, όν<br />πονηρός, -ά, -όν<br />προς + acc<br />πρώτος, -ή, -όν<br />συ<br />το έργον<br />το ευαγγέλιον<br />το πνεύμα<br />τρίτος, -η, -ον<br />υπό + acc<br />υπό + gen<br />ώστε</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-87744250539430347552008-12-04T13:39:00.000-08:002008-12-04T13:41:36.402-08:00Vocabulary list 2<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Vocabulary 2</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">άγιος<br />αλλά<br />άλλος<br />από +gen<br />γαρ<br />δε<br />διά +gen<br />διά + acc<br />εγώ<br />ειμί<br />είπεν<br />εις + acc<br />εκ, εξ + gen<br />εν + dat<br />έσχατος<br />ἦν<br />ίνα<br />και<br />λέγω<br />μετά +gen<br />μετά + acc<br />μη<br />νυν<br />ου, ουχ, ουκ<br />παρά + gen<br />παρά + dat<br />παρά + acc<br />προς + acc<br />συ<br />υπό + gen<br />υπό + acc<br />ώστε<br />η αμαρτία<br />η αρχή<br />η βασιλεία<br />η γλώσσα<br />η γραφή<br />η δόξα<br />η εξουσία<br />η ζωή<br />η θάλασσα<br />η καρδία<br />η μήτηρ<br />η οικία<br />η παραβολή<br />η φωνή<br />η ψυχή<br />η ώρα<br />ο θάνατος<br />ο θρόνος<br />ο Ιησούς<br />ο καιρός<br />ο κόσμος<br />ο λίθος<br />ο λόγος<br />ο νόμος<br />ο οίκος<br />ο όχλος<br />ο ουρανός<br />ο πατήρ<br />ο προφήτης<br />ο υιός<br />το αίμα<br />το έργον<br />το ευαγγέλιον<br />το πνεύμα</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-14473371874388372122008-12-04T13:35:00.000-08:002008-12-04T13:39:18.465-08:00Vocabulary list 1<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">I am beginning a series of vocabulary lists for the blog. These are words that are used very frequently in the New Testament. Each list will overlap the one before it, so that some words will drop off, and others will be added.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Vocabulary 1<br /></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ο άγγελος <br />ο άνθρωπος<br />ο απόστολος<br />η Γαλιλαία<br />η γραφή<br />η δόξα<br />εγώ<br />έσχατος<br />η ζωή<br />ο θεός<br />και<br />η καρδία<br />ο κόσμος<br />ο λόγος<br />το πνεύμα<br />ο προφήτης<br />το σάββατον<br />η φωνή<br />ο Χριστός<br />η αγάπη<br />ο αδελφός<br /><br />άγιος<br />το αίμα<br />η αμαρτία<br />η γλώσσα<br />η εκκλησία<br />το έργον<br />το ευαγγέλιον<br />ο θάνατος<br />ο θρόνος<br />ο Ιησούς<br />ο λίθος<br />η μήτηρ<br />ο νόμος<br />η παραβολή<br />ο πατήρ<br />η ψυχή<br />η βασιλεία<br />άλλος<br />εν<br />το έργον<br />ο καιρός<br /><br />νυν<br />η ώρα<br />η αρχή<br />γαρ<br />είπεν<br />εις<br />η εξουσία<br />ο κύριος<br />ο ουρανός<br />ο υιός<br />συ<br />ου, ουχ, ουκ<br />μη<br />δε<br />λέγω<br />ειμί<br />εκ, εξ</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-45639911363501290122008-11-30T20:40:00.000-08:002008-11-30T21:13:27.697-08:00Matthew 1:20, continued<strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Ταύτα δε αυτού ενθυμηθέντος<br /></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ιδού άγγελος κυρίου<br /></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">κατ' όναρ εφάνη αυτῴ<br /></span></strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;">λέγων,<br /></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Ιωσήφ υιός Δαυίδ,</span></strong><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>μη φοβηθῄς παραλαβείν Μαρίαμ την γυναίκα σου,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>το γαρ εν αυτῄ</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>γεννηθέν εκ πνεύματός εστιν αγίου</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Last time we looked at the first three lines; Joseph had resolved to send Mary away, but after that an angel had appeared to him in a dream.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">The next word is grammatically important - <strong>λέγων</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">This word is a present participle of the verb λέγω (I say). In the participle form, here, it can be translated 'saying'. It is the masculine nominative singular form of the present participle, meaning that it modifies the word 'άγγελος', the angel. In other words, the angel is saying something (to Joseph) (in a dream).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">The angel first addresses Joseph: <strong>Ιωσήφ υιός Δαυίδ</strong> ("<strong>Joseph, son of David</strong>")</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">and then tells him to do something; or in this case, not to do something:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>μη φοβηθῄς </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>do not be afraid</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">The word 'μη' is the negating part of this phrase; the part we translate as 'not.' The second word, 'φοβηθῄς', is a subjunctive form of the aorist tense of the verb 'φοβέω', meaning 'to fear'. The subjunctive here stands in for an imperative form, in other words, a command to not be afraid. But there is an addition or a complement to the meaning of this verb in this instance:</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>μη φοβηθῄς<br />do not be afraid</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong></strong></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>παραλαβείν Μαρίαμ την γυναίκα σου,<br />to take Mary the wife of you</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>(to take Mary as your wife)</strong></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">The word 'παραλαβείν' is an infinitive, and is used here much as we would use the infinitive in English.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Why should Joseph not be afraid to take Mary as his wife? The rest of the verse explains:</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>το γαρ εν αυτῄ</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>that for in her</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">The word 'γαρ' is another postpositive, like 'δε'; even though it comes second in the Greek phrase, in the English translation is should come first: <strong>for that in her</strong></span></span><br /><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>γεννηθέν εκ πνεύματός εστιν αγίου was conceived out of a spirit is holy </strong></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><strong>(was conceived of the holy spirit)</strong> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Note that t</span>his is traditionally translated 'out of <em>the</em> holy spirit', although there is no word for 'the' in the Greek. </span></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">Χαίρετε!<br /></span></p><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-84136288277766425032008-11-26T07:14:00.000-08:002008-11-26T08:24:27.095-08:00Matthew 1:20<span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Ταύτα δε αυτού ενθυμηθέντος</strong><br /><strong>ιδού άγγελος κυρίου </strong><br /><strong>κατ' όναρ </strong><strong>εφάνη αυτῴ </strong><br /><strong>λέγων,</strong><br /><strong>Ιωσήφ υιός Δαυίδ,</strong><br /><strong>μη φοβηθῄς παραλαβείν Μαρίαμ την γυναίκα σου,</strong><br /><strong>το γαρ εν αυτῄ</strong><br /><strong>γεννηθέν εκ πνεύματός εστιν αγίου</strong><br /><br />Now here's a verse to sink your teeth into. Let's start with a mostly word-for-word translation of the first three lines above:<br /><br /><strong>Ταύτα δε αυτού ενθυμηθέντος</strong><br /></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>these things and/but/_ he considered<br /></strong><br /><strong>ιδού άγγελος κυρίου </strong><br /><strong>look angel of lord </strong><br /><br /><strong>κατ' όναρ εφάνη αυτῴ </strong><br /><strong>in a dream appeared to him</strong><br /><br />Once we've remembered to move 'δε' to the first position, i.e.<br /><br /><strong>And/but these things he considered</strong><br /><br />the first line makes more sense. This line will also make more sense when we recognize that it is another example of a genitive absolute, that is, a noun or pronoun (here, αυτόυ, 'he') plus an accompanying participle(ενθυμηθέντος), both in the genitive.<br /><br />The participle is an aorist form of the deponent verb 'ενθυμέομαι', meaning something like 'deliberate, consider, ponder'. Because it is in the aorist, it gives the sense that the deliberating, considering, or pondering has been completed, so we could add a word in the English translation to point to that sense, e.g.:<br /><br /><strong>And after he pondered these things</strong><br /><br />or<br /><br /><strong>And when he had considered these things</strong><br /><br />Who had pondered?: 'αυτού', 'he', i.e., Joseph. Remember that although we normally place the subject of a verb in the nominative case, this is a genitive absolute, and the word 'he' ('αυτού) is in the genitive. Do not translate it 'of him'.<br /><br />So after Joseph had pondered these things (i.e., his betrothed Mary had been found to be pregnant, and he had resolved to send her away quietly) what happened next?<br /><br /><strong>ιδού άγγελος κυρίου </strong><br /></span></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>look angel of lord in a dream<br /><br />κατ' όναρ εφάνη αυτῴ<br />in a dream appeared to him</strong><br /></span></span><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The word 'ιδού' appears many times (200) in the New Testament, and is often translated 'behold', although in some versions (the New Revised Standard and the New International, for example) it is left untranslated. For more information about this word, left-click on it at greekbiblestudy.org.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">An angel of the lord ('άγγελος κυρίου') is the subject here, and 'εφάνη' ('appeared') is the verb. Note that we have to add the word 'the' to make this phrase idiomatic English: i.e., 'an angel of <em>the</em> lord', not 'an angel of lord'.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">So the angel appeared 'to him' (αυτῴ - the third person, singular, masculine pronoun in the dative) -- i.e., appeared to Joseph.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Only one thing is left: An angel of the lord appeared to Joseph - how? The phrase 'κατ' όναρ' means 'in a dream.'</span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">So an angel of the lord appeared to Joseph in a dream. Next time we will continued with the rest of the verse.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">Χαίρετε!<br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span></p>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-51570663480917392112008-11-23T16:15:00.000-08:002008-11-23T16:22:21.266-08:00Some additional information on modern Greek pronunciation: consonants<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">1. β is pronounced as a 'v'. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">2. δ is pronounced as the ‘th’ in ‘this’, as opposed to θ, which is pronounced as the ‘th’ in ‘think’.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">3. The sounds ‘b’ and ‘d’ and ‘g’: these sounds are produced by the combinations ‘μπ’ and ‘ντ’ and ‘γκ’ or ‘γγ’. However, there are some variations in the way those combinations are pronounced.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">a. Generally, you get the ‘dry’ sound (as above) at the beginning of a word.e.g., μπροστά, ντόπιος, γκρεμός. These words are all from modern Greek: there are no words in the New Testament that begin with any of those combinations. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">b. Generally, these combinations are nasalized in the middle of a word: </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">μπ becomes ‘mb’ .............. το συμπόσιον (group (eating together)) </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">ντ becomes ‘nd’.............. η εντολή (commandment) </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">γκ and γγ become ‘ng’................έγκυος (pregnant), ο άγγελος (angel, messenger)c. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">There are some exceptions, which I suspect are more relevant to modern Greek. When there is repetition, for example, the ‘dry’ sound may be retained in the middle of the word: μπαμπάς (babas) (daddy).</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">4. Changes at word boundaries following a word ending in ‘ν’. These sound changes arise frequently because of the frequent use of the definite articles την, τον and των.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">When one word ends in ‘ν’ and is followed by a word beginning with ‘π’, the combination is pronounced ‘mb’: την παρουσία (presence, coming, arrival)</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">When one words ends in ‘ν’ and is followed by a word beginning with ‘τ’, the combination is pronounced ‘nd’: την τέχνη (skill, craft)</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">When one word ends in ‘ν’ and is followed by a word beginning with ‘κ’, the combination is pronounced ‘ng’: τον κύριος.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">5. The letter σ is pronounced like a ‘z’ in front of the consonants β, γ, δ, μ, ν and ρ. Otherwise, it is pronounced as a plain ‘s’. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">E.g.: κόσμος, Ισραήλ vs. σκοτία (darkness, gloom), σάββατον</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">6. Palatalization. Τhis refers to the change in the way that the velar consonants κ, γ and χ are pronounced when they are followed by an ‘i’ (ι, η, υ, ει, οι) or an ‘e’ (αι, ε) sound.‘Velar’ means that the consonant is pronounced with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate. But when κ, γ and χ are followed by an ‘i’ or ‘e’ sound, the consonant becomes ‘palatal’ instead; that is, the middle of the tongue touches the hard palate.</span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">For example, the velar ‘γ’ in γάλα (milk: modern Greek) becomes the palatal ‘γ’ in η γη (earth).This phenomenon also occurs with κ and χ: it’s just not as obvious to our (native English speaking) ears. For example, the χ in έχω is pronounced slightly differently than the χ in έχεις, and the κ in κατά is pronounced slightly differently than the κ in κύριος. </span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">These are by no means the only rules/details/exceptions to Greek pronunciation, but they are some of the major ones. Χαίρετε!</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-51509967364036581922008-11-23T15:50:00.000-08:002008-11-23T16:16:11.198-08:00Some additional information on modern Greek pronunciation: vowels<span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:130%;">VOWELS<br /><br />There are five basic vowel sounds:<br />α<br />ε, αι<br />η, ι, υ, ει, οι<br />ο, ω<br />ου<br /><br />1. α is pronounced as the 'a' in father<br /><br />2. αι and ε are pronounced the same: similar to the ‘e’ in pet, but with lips pulled slightly more to the side.<br /><br />3. η, ι, υ, ει, and οι (and υι, which is less common) are pronounced the same: similar to the ‘ee’ in meet, but shorter. Or, between ‘bit’ and ‘beat’.<br /><br />4. ο and ω are pronounced the same: somewhat like ‘bought’ but with lips more closed and rounded. Other guides give a sound closer to the English long ‘o’, probably for convenience.<br /><br />5. ου is pronounced like the 'oo' in 'loot', or somewhat between 'put' and 'loot'.<br /><br />6. The combinations 'αυ' is pronounced 'av' or 'af', depending on the following letter/sound. If the following sound is voiceless (κ, π, τ, χ, φ, θ, σ, ξ, ψ), αυ is pronounced 'af:<br /><br />e.g., αυτό is pronounced 'af-TO'<br /><br />Otherwise, αυ is pronounced 'av':<br /><br />ε.γ., αύριον is pronounced 'AV-ree-on'<br /><br />Similarly, the combination 'ευ' is pronounced 'ev' or 'ef', depending on the following letter/sound.<br /><br />Consonants will be covered in the next blog. Χαίρετε!<br /><br /><br /></span></span></span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6541735747349661642.post-81659996780864518462008-11-23T09:15:00.000-08:002008-11-23T09:38:01.974-08:00The use of the genitive case<span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:130%;">The genitive case has a variety of uses, some of which are not easily classified. However, for now we will concentrate on three major uses:<br /><br /><strong>1. The genitive case is used to show possession.</strong><br /><br />This is similar to English usage, and in translation sometimes - but not always - involves adding the English word 'of'. For example:<br /><br /><strong>βίβλος <u>γενέσεως</u> <u>Ιησούς</u> Χριστού </strong>(the underlined words are all in the genitive case)<br /><strong>a book <u>of</u> the generation <u>of</u> Jesus Messiah</strong><br /><br />and<br /><br /><strong>Ιωσήφ δε ο ανήρ <u>αυτής</u></strong><br /><strong>Joseph <u>her</u> husband</strong><br /><br />In the second example we could keep the 'of' and translate: 'Joseph the husband of her', but it would be bad English.<br /><br /><strong>2. The genitive case is used after certain prepositions.</strong><br /><br />For example, it is used after the prepositions από and εκ:<br /><br />από της μετοικεσίας Βαβυλώνος<br />from the deportation to Babylon<br /><br />εκ πνεύματος αγίου<br />out of (by) the holy spirit<br /><br /><strong>3. The genitive case is used in the genitive absolute construction.</strong><br /><br />We have discussed this construction before: see the blogs for Wednesday, October 29 and Friday, October 31, 2008.<br /><br />Χαίρετε!</span>Evyeniahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04385714969913144253noreply@blogger.com0